Hard écu

Hard écu in Europe Description of Hard écu The Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union describes hard écu in the following terms: [1] The idea that the EC should adopt a non-exclusive common currency, instead of a single currency, was floated by the British government in 1990, but […]

DHondt System

DHondt System in Europe Description of DHondt system The Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union describes dhondt system in the following terms: [1] Invented by a Belgian in the 19th century, the d'Hondt formula is widely used in Europe, including by the European Parliament, to […]

Social Policy

Social Policy in Europe Description of Social policy The Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union describes social policy in the following terms: [1] The essence of EU social policy – especially since the Commission presidency(1985-95) of Jacques Delors – has been to give the Community a […]

Integration Theory

Integration Theory in Europe Description of Integration theory The Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union describes integration theory in the following terms: [1] The growth of the EU has spawned a turgid academic industry of 'integration theories', most of which need not […]