Related Entries in this European Reference:

1. Enlargement of the European Union In the 1950s, the EU began with just six member states. It now has 27. Growth in EU membership is known as 'enlargement', and it has happened several times. Date and New Members: 1950           Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands 1973           Denmark, [...]...
2. Western Europe Western Europe Western Europe Legal Systems Andorra Legal System Austria Legal System Belgium Legal System Denmark Legal System England and Wales Legal System Finland Legal System French Legal System German Legal System Greece Legal System Holy See Legal System Iceland Legal System Ireland Legal System...
3. Western Europe Legal Systems Western Legal Systems in EuropeContentsWestern Legal Systems in EuropeWestern Europe Legal SystemsResourcesSee AlsoReferences (Papers) Western Europe Legal Systems Andorra Legal System Austria Legal System Belgium Legal System Denmark Legal System England and Wales Legal System Finland Legal System French Legal System German Legal System Greece...
4. List of European Courts Benelux Court of Justice Court of First Instance of the European Communities Court of Justice of the European Communities European Court of Human Rights European Free Trade Agreement Court Benelux Court of Justice Court Of Justice of the Benelux Economic Union The [...]...
5. Principles of European Contract Law Principles of European Contract Law (Commision on European Contract Law) 2 25 May 2002 PRINCIPLES OF EUROPEAN CONTRACT LAW TEXT OF ARTICLES IN PART 3, IN ENGLISH CHAPTER 10 Plurality of parties Section 1: Plurality of debtors ARTICLE 10:101: SOLIDARY, SEPARATE AND [...]...
6. European Caselaw Databases JURE, a database created by the European Commission, contains case law on jurisdiction in civil and commercial matters and on the recognition and enforcement of judgments in a State other than the one where the judgment was passed. This includes case law on relevant international...
7. European Commission of Human Rights European Convention on Human Rights: the European Commission of Human Rights Introduction to European Commission of Human Rights The commission can only deal with a claim if all domestic remedies have been exhausted, unless a state waives the benefit of this rule. Local remedies do...
8. European Diplomats Introduction to European Diplomats European Diplomats, ambassadors, ministers, and bureaucrats who conduct the foreign policy of European nations. (1) Resources Notes and References Information about European Diplomats in the Encarta Online Encyclopedia Guide to European Diplomats More Topics [...]...
9. Withholding Tax Rates Withholding Tax Rates in Europe Withholding Tax Rates in Europe Luxembourg 15% Macedonia 10% Austria 25% Malta 0% Belgium 25% Bosnia 5% Bulgaria 5% Netherlands 15% Norway 25% Poland 19% Croatia 12% Portugal 25% Czech Republic 35% Romania 16% [...]...
10. Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Legal Systems Albanian Legal System Belarus Legal System Bosnia & Herzegovina Legal System Bulgarian Legal System Croatian Legal System Cyprus Legal System Czech Republic Legal System Estonian Legal System Greece Legal System Hungarian Legal System Latvian Legal System Lithuanian Legal System...
11. Presidency of the Council of Ministers Rotation of the presidency of the Council of Ministers Country: Date of presidency Germany: January–June 2007 Portugal: July–December 2007 Slovenia: January–June 2008 France: July–December 2008 Czech Republic: January–June 2009 Sweden: July–December 2009 Spain: [...]...
12. List of Supreme Courts List of Supreme Courts in Europe List of Links of Supreme Courts in Europe Albania Supreme Court Andorra Austria Supreme Court Belarus Supreme Court Belgium Supreme Court Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Supreme Court Croatia Supreme Court Cyprus Supreme Court [...]...
13. Communist Influence In Western European Parties Communism: Communist Influence in Noncommunist Countries Western Europe Other Western European Parties The strongest Western European parties, other than the Italian and French, have been those of Greece, Finland, Portugal, and Spain. The Greek and Portuguese parties mirrored the intransigence [...]...
14. Eastern Europe Legal Systems Eastern Legal Systems in EuropeContentsEastern Legal Systems in EuropeResourcesSee AlsoReferences (Papers) They are: Albanian Legal System Belarus Legal System Bosnia & Herzegovina Legal System Bulgarian Legal System Croatian Legal System Cyprus Legal System Czech Republic Legal System Estonian Legal System Greece Legal System Hungarian Legal...
15. 2 Letter Country Codes European 2 Letter Country CodesContentsEuropean 2 Letter Country CodesThe European Country CodesCountry codes for EU StatisticsList of European Countries: Information about them in this Encyclopedia Western Europe Legal SystemsEastern Europe Legal Systems The European Country Codes Note: This is a list of european countries, not...
16. Value Added Tax Equivalents Value Added Tax Equivalents Equivalent of ‘Value Added Tax’ and ‘VAT’ in Member States The equivalent in the European Union Member States is: Member State VAT Equivalent Austria Mehrwertsteuer (Mwst) Umsatzsteuer (Umst) Belgium Belasting over de Toegevoegde Waarde (BTW)Taxe sur la Valeur Ajoutée (TVA) Bulgaria...
17. Referendum Referendum in Europe National referendums on European Union issues By Issue, State (Country), Year, Yes (%), No (%) and Turnout (%): Membership Referendum Ireland 1972 (83) (17) (71) Norway 1972 (46) (54) (79) Norway 1994 48 52 89 Denmark 1972 63 36 90 United Kingdom...
18. Western European Tribunals History of Western European Tribunals Medieval courts were an outgrowth of the tribal courts of the Germanic peoples, among whom the highest judicial authority was that of the popular assemblies that met regularly throughout the year. The tribal judges supervised the proceedings and [...]...
19. Eu Eu in Europe Definition of Eu In accordance with the work A Dictionary of Law, this is a description of Eu : (European Union, EU) The 25 nations (Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,...
20. Western European Union Introduction to Western European Union Western European Union (WEU), association of European countries focused on defense and security issues. The WEU grew out of the Brussels Treaty, a cooperative agreement made in 1948 between the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, The Netherlands, and [...]...
21. Supreme Court Supreme Court in Europe See European Supreme Court of Justice and List of Supreme Courts in Europe. Supreme Court in the Netherlands Members of the judiciary responsible for the administration of justice and the Procurator General at the Supreme Court shall be appointed for life...
22. Direct Taxation Direct Taxation in Europe Direct Taxation in the European Union TFEU art 115 authorises the Council to issue directives for the approximation of national laws, regulations and administrative provisions which directly affect the establishment or functioning of the internal market. Directives [...]...
23. Consular Law in Belgium Consular Law in Belgium in Europe Overview The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations constitutes for Belgium the legal basis for consular services. No implementing national law exists so far. Consular protection is considered as a service to citizens. There is no legal obligation for [...]...
24. Communist Influence In Former Soviet Union And Eastern Europe Communism: Communist Influence in Noncommunist Countries Former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe The mighty Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) died with its brainchild, the Soviet Union, in 1991. The CPSU's central headquarters was disbanded in August 1991, and many of the 15 Soviet...
25. European Integration Published in: Encyclopedia of Law and Society: American and Global Perspectives. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, London, New Delhi, 2004. Author: Francis G. Snyder See more here: http://www.estig.ipbeja.pt/~ac_direito/dreaisrevistasest.html and here (in general): [...]...
26. Communist Influence In Western Europe Communism: Communist Influence in Noncommunist Countries Western Europe The communist parties of Western Europe were all established between 1918 and 1923, following the Russian Revolutions. They were responsive to Soviet directives, yet at the same time drew on European socialist roots going [...]...
27. Working Party on Consular Affairs Working Party on Consular Affairs in Europe The Working Party on Consular Affairs coordinates consular cooperation among EU Member States, in particular in providing assistance to EU citizens during crises in third countries. The group is composed of representatives from consular departments [...]...
28. Sustainable Development Sustainable Development in Europe Energy Charter Protocol on energy efficiency and related environmental aspects The European Union is a participant in this international instrument. See 98/181/EC, ECSC, Euratom: Council and Commission Decision of 23 September 1997 on the conclusion, by the [...]...
29. Consular Law in Bulgaria Consular Law in Bulgaria in Europe Overview There is no general regulation of diplomatic and consular protection, but there are several sector-specific instruments which may contain provisions relevant for the consular services: Diplomatic Service Act - regulates mainly the structure [...]...
30. European Convention On State Immunity Definition of European Convention On State Immunity In accordance with the work A Dictionary of Law, this is a description of European Convention On State Immunity : An international convention of 1972 setting out when and how member states of the European Community (now the...
31. Notaries in Denmark Notaries in DenmarkContentsNotaries in DenmarkOther Legal ProfessionalsLawyersBailiffsNotaries in other European CountriesResourcesNotesSee AlsoFurther Reading There is no notarial system in Denmark. Other Legal Professionals Lawyers In Denmark there is essentially only one main type of lawyer, the advokat (advocate). The lawyers are members of the Dommerfuldmægtigforening....
32. VAT Territory VAT TerritoriesContentsVAT TerritoriesBackgroundVAT territory of the Single MarketStatus of the territoriesTerritories Background The Single Market is a term that has applied since 1 January 1993 to trading between Member States. This covers intra-European Union supplies of goods. With the introduction of the Single Market, goods...
33. Qualified majority voting in the European Union Qualified majority voting in the European Union On most issues, the Council of the European Union takes its decisions by voting. Each country can cast a certain number of votes, roughly in proportion to the size of its population. The number of votes per country...
34. Consular Law in Germany Consular Law in Germany in Europe Overview The German Constitution does not expressly grant a right to consular protection. However the German Constitutional Court has acknowledged that in certain situation consular and diplomatic protection might be required. The basis for this was found [...]...
35. Notaries in Poland Notaries in PolandContentsNotaries in PolandProfessional activitiesReserved activitiesProfessional titlesAdvertising/PublicityClient confidentiality/Professional privilegesClients’ moneyFeesAccountingProfessional insuranceSpecialist practitionersOther IssuesOther Legal ProfessionalsLawyersBailiffsNotaries in other European CountriesResourcesNotesSee AlsoFurther Reading Professional activities Reserved activities Professional titles Advertising/Publicity Client confidentiality/Professional privileges Clients’ money Fees Accounting Professional insurance Specialist practitioners Other Issues Mobility Legal Education...