Related Entries in this European Reference:

1. European Regional Development Fund Reducing Economic Differences: European Regional Development Fund Introduction to European Regional Development Fund The European Regional Development Fund is concerned with infrastructure developments proposed by member governments. Since 1989 it has focused on regions with weak economies, [...]...
2. European Union Early Cooperation History of the European Union: Early Cooperation Introduction to European Union Early Cooperation Postwar aspirations for a European supranational organization had both political and economic motives. The political motive was based on the conviction that only a supranational organization could [...]...
3. European Political Community European Political Community in Europe Description of European Political Community The Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union describes european political community in the following terms: [1] In the early 1950s ministers from the six member states of the European Coal and Steel [...]...
4. EU Growing Accountability EU Growing Accountability in Europe History of the European Union: Growing Accountability Introduction to EU Growing Accountability The introduction of Economic and Monetary Union led to unprecedented integration and cooperation among EU members. One consequence was a growing concern among [...]...
5. European Economic and Social Committee European Economic and Social Committee (Article 301 TFEU)Content about European Economic And Social Committee from the publication The ABC of European Union law (2010, European Union) by Klaus-Dieter Borchardt. The purpose of the European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) is to give the [...]...
6. European Parliament Role Content about European Parliament Role from the publication The ABC of European Union law (2010, European Union) by Klaus-Dieter Borchardt. 1. The functioning of the Union shall be founded on representative democracy. 2. Citizens are directly represented at Union level in the European [...]...
7. European Central Bank Introduction to European Central Bank The European Central Bank (ECB) began operations in 1998. It is overseen by an executive board that is chosen by agreement of EU member governments and includes the ECB president and vice president. The ECB has exclusive authority for EU...
8. European Commission Tasks Content about European Commission Tasks from the publication The ABC of European Union law (2010, European Union) by Klaus-Dieter Borchardt. The Commission is first of all the 'driving force' behind Union policy. It is the starting point for every Union action, as it is the...
9. Capital of the European Union Capital of the European Union in Europe Description of Capital of the European Union The Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union describes capital of the european union in the following terms: [1] There is no capital of Europe, the nearest approximation being Brussels, which houses...
10. European Monetary System Stabilizing Currencies: The European Monetary System (EMS) Introduction to European Monetary System The European Monetary System (EMS) was the exchange rate structure of the EU. It was established in 1979 to stabilize exchange rates among members at a time when currencies were fluctuating [...]...
11. Creation of the European Union History of the EU: Creation of the European Union Introduction to Creation of the European Union In the late 1980s, sweeping political changes led the EC once again to increase cooperation and integration. As Communism crumbled in Eastern Europe, many formerly Communist countries looked to...
12. Council of the European Union Introduction to Council of the European Union The Council of the European Union (formerly called the Council of Ministers) represents the national governments. It is the primary decision-making authority of the EU and is the most important and powerful EU body. Although its name is...
13. EU Economic Differences EU Economic Differences in Europe Features and Policies of the EU: Reducing Economic Differences Introduction to EU Economic Differences Under the 1957 Rome treaty that created the EEC, the signatories pledged to standardize policies regarding working conditions, social insurance, and similar [...]...
14. Western European Union Introduction to Western European Union Western European Union (WEU), association of European countries focused on defense and security issues. The WEU grew out of the Brussels Treaty, a cooperative agreement made in 1948 between the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, The Netherlands, and [...]...
15. European Investment Bank Reducing Economic Differences: European Investment Bank (EIB) Introduction to European Investment Bank The European Investment Bank (EIB) was established in 1957 under the Rome treaty that created the EEC. Its primary objective is to fund projects that promote European integration. It focuses [...]...
16. European Social Charter European Social Charter in Europe Description of European Social Charter The Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union describes european social charter in the following terms: [1] The European Social Charter is a Council of Europe (not an EU) statement of workers' rights. As such it...
17. European Economic Area Introduction to European Economic Area European Economic Area (EEA), association formed to establish a single market and free-trade area among countries of the European Union (EU) and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). The EEA is the largest free-trade zone in the world. It has...
18. Treaty On European Union History of the European Union: Treaty on European Union Introduction to Treaty on European Union The Treaty on European Union (often called the Maastricht Treaty) founded the EU and was intended to expand political, economic, and social integration among the member states. After lengthy [...]...
19. European Diplomats Introduction to European Diplomats European Diplomats, ambassadors, ministers, and bureaucrats who conduct the foreign policy of European nations. (1) Resources Notes and References Information about European Diplomats in the Encarta Online Encyclopedia Guide to European Diplomats More Topics [...]...
20. European Dynasties Introduction to European Dynasties European Dynasties, succession of European rulers from the same family or group that exercised power over several generations. Many of these dynasties, such as the Bourbons and Habsburgs, held power in many European states due to conquests and marriages [...]...
21. European Union Introduction to European Union European Union (EU), organization of European countries dedicated to increasing economic integration and strengthening cooperation among its members. The European Union headquarters is located in Brussels, Belgium. As of 2007 there were 27 countries in the EU. [...]...
22. European Community History of the European Union: European Community (EC) Introduction to European Community In July 1967 the three organizations (the EEC, the ECSC, and Euratom) fully merged as the European Community (EC). The basic economic features of the EEC treaty were gradually implemented, and in 1968...
23. European Commission Introduction to European Commission The European Commission is the highest administrative body in the EU. Unlike the European Council, which oversees all three pillars of the EU, the commission concentrates almost solely on the EC pillar. It initiates, implements, and supervises policy. It is [...]...
24. European Parliament Introduction to European Parliament The European Parliament (EP) is made up of 732 members who are directly elected by the citizens of the EU. Direct elections to the EP were implemented in 1979. Before that time, members were appointed by the legislatures of the member...
25. EU and Non-European Nations European Union Relations with the Rest of the World: The EU and Non-European Nations Introduction to EU and Non-European Nations Relations between the EU and the non-European industrialized countries, especially the United States and Japan, have been both rewarding and frustrating. The EU [...]...
26. European Council The European Council (Article 15 Teu)Content about European Council from the publication "The ABC of European Union law" (2010, European Union) by Klaus-Dieter Borchardt. The European Council grew out of the summit conferences of EU Heads of State or Government. At the Paris [...]...
27. European Law Nature and Primacy of Union LawSee Case 26/62 Van Gend & Loos [1963] ECR 1 (nature of Union law; rights and obligations of individuals). Case 6/64 Costa v ENEL [1964] ECR 1251 (nature of Union law; direct applicability, primacy of Union law). Case 14/83 Von...
28. European Patent Disputes Over Union Patents (Articles 257 and 262 TFEU)Content about European Patent from the publication The ABC of European Union law (2010, European Union) by Klaus-Dieter Borchardt. The legal basis for the establishment of a Union Patent Court was introduced by the Treaty of Nice....
29. European Company Definition of European Company In accordance with the work A Dictionary of Law, this is a description of European Company : A proposed type of company to be incorporated under European *Community law rather than under the national law of a member state. European companies...
30. European Movement European Movement in Europe Description of European Movement The Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union describes european movement in the following terms: [1] Founded in the flush of post-war enthusiasm, the European Movement, with Winston Churchill, Prime Minister Alcide de Gasperi [...]...
31. European Communities European Communities in Europe Description of European Communities The Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union describes european communities in the following terms: [1] The European Coal and Steel Community, the European Economic Communityand the European Atomic Energy Community. In [...]...
32. European Identity European Identity in Europe Description of European identity The Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union describes european identity in the following terms: [1] The European identity as a political goal had been inherent from the early post-war years in the thinking of Jean Monnet, [...]...
33. European Caselaw Databases JURE, a database created by the European Commission, contains case law on jurisdiction in civil and commercial matters and on the recognition and enforcement of judgments in a State other than the one where the judgment was passed. This includes case law on relevant international...
34. European Coal and Steel Community Introduction to European Coal and Steel Community European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), former transnational European authority controlling Europe's coal and steel industries. The ECSC was formally established by the Treaty of Paris in 1951, and it came into being in 1952. Its signatories [...]...
35. European Convention On Human Rights Introduction to European Convention on Human Rights European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), convention adopted in 1950 and put into effect in 1953 by the Council of Europe. It is an intergovernmental organization whose membership has increased from 14 European states in 1953 to 25...