Related Entries in this European Reference:

1. European Data Protection Supervisor European Data Protection Supervisors (EDPS) The European Data Protection Supervisor is the independent supervisory authority set up in 2014 by the Parliament and Council to advise European Union administrations on the processing of personal data as well as supervising these bodies to ensure compliance to...
2. Privacy Privacy in Europe Privacy by design and the Public Sector Information Privacy by design aims to build privacy and data protection upfront, into the design specifications and architecture of information and communication systems and technologies, in order to facilitate compliance with privacy [...]...
3. Article 29 Working Party Article 29 Working Party in Europe Article 29 Working Party and the Public Sector Information The Article 29 Working Party is the short name of the Data Protection Working Party established by Article 29 of Directive 95/46/EC. It provides the European Commission with independent advice...
4. National Supervisory Authorities National Supervisory Authorities in Europe National Supervisory Authorities (NSAs) and the Public Sector Information A data protection authority is an independent body which is in charge of monitoring the processing of personal data within its jurisdiction (country, region or international [...]...
5. Transfers of Personal Data Processed in the EU Transfers of Personal Data Processed in the EU in Europe In relation to the EU legal framework applicable to transfers of personal data processed in the European Union (and the EEA) to “third countries” (i.e. countries that are not members of the EU or the EEA), such...
6. Data Retention Directive Data Retention Directive in Europe Data concerning telecommunications traffic through telephone networks and through the internet is, to some extent, retained (stored) by telecommunication service providers for their own commercial purposes (e.g., for billing purposes). The Data Retention [...]...
7. Minority protection Minority protection in Europe Infringement of the member's personal rights Find out more information about this subject here: Personal rights based on the articles Personal actions by members against directors The problem of reflective loss Personal actions and representative actions [...]...
8. Radiation Protection Radiation Protection in EuropeContentsRadiation Protection in EuropeRadiation Protection directivesRadiation Protection in the UK Radiation Protection directives The Euratom/European Union Basic Safety Standards Directive 2013 (BSSD) sets out updated safety requirements for the nuclear and radiological sector; the deadline for transposition of these into european member´s...
9. Derogation Derogation in Europe Derogations in the International Transfer of Data Article 26(1) of the Directive states that transfers of personal data to a third country that does not ensure an adequate level of protection may take place if one of the following conditions is met:...
10. European Patent Convention European Patent Convention in Europe Description of European Patent Convention The Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union describes european patent convention in the following terms: [1] A convention allowing inventors to obtain patent protection in 18 European countries by filing a [...]...
11. Protection of Nature Protection of Nature in Europe European Union Treaties about Protection of Nature Alphabetical list of European Union Treaties about Protection of Nature This list contains all the bilateral and multilateral international treaties or agreements about Protection of Nature concluded by the [...]...
12. Legal Protection Legal Protection in Europe The EU System of Legal ProtectionContent about Legal Protection from the publication The ABC of European Union law (2010, European Union) by Klaus-Dieter Borchardt. A Union which aspires to be a community governed by law must provide its citizens with a...
13. Data Protection Law Data Protection Law in Europe Applicability of national data protection law First step to assess whether a processing of data is lawful, is to determine the applicability of data protection law. On European level the Data Protection Directive sets the framework for data protection. Because...
14. Consent in Data Protection Law Consent in European Union Data Protection Law Introduction The European Union’s Framework Data Protection Directive defines “consent” to mean the “freely given specific and informed indication of [one’s] wishes.” The concept is a fundamental fixture of the European Union’s data protection [...]...
15. Data Protection Directive Data Protection Directive in Europe Data quality The Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC sets in Article 6 requirements for the quality of personal data which is to be processed. Apart from all processing activities being fair and lawful, the most important principle is purpose limitation. [...]...
16. Personal Data Protection Personal Data Protection in Europe Historical Evolution of Personal Data Protection The terms data protection and privacy are often used interchangeably, particularly in the management literature (see for example Christopher Kuner, European Data Privacy Law and Online Business. Oxford: [...]...
17. Data Tampering Data Tampering in Europe Data Tampering in Germany Provisions relating to data tampering in the German Criminal Code [1]: This criminal issue is covered by Chapter Twenty-seven, under the heading "Criminal Damage," located in Section 303a Data tampering, which reads: (1) [...]...
18. General Data Protection Regulation General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)ContentsGeneral Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)General Introduction The General Data Protection Regulation was approved by the European Union Parliament on 14 April 2016. GDPR will enter in force 20 days after its publication in the EU Official Journal and will be directly...
19. Data Espionage Data Espionage in Europe Acts Preparatory to Data Espionage and Phishing in Germany Provisions relating to acts preparatory to data espionage and phishing in the German Criminal Code [1]: This criminal issue is covered by Chapter Fifteen, under the heading "Violation of Privacy," [...]...
20. Subsidiary Protection Subsidiary Protection in Europe Subsidiary Protection in the Context of Asylum Law Protection given to people who are at risk of "serious harm" in their own countries but who do not meet the definition of a refugee. It is a status that derives from the...
21. Working Party on Information Exchange and Data Protection Working Party on Information Exchange and Data Protection in Europe Working Party on Information Exchange and Data Protection (DAPIX) DAPIX addresses issues relating to information exchange and data protection. On the information exchange side, it draws up EU strategies for ensuring the [...]...
22. Protection Protection in Europe Minority protection in Company Law Find out more information about this subject here: The statutory remedies protection in the English Law Find out more about protection in the English legal system in this entry of the UK Encyclopedia of Law: protection (Commercial...
23. Forgery of Data Forgery of Data in Europe Forgery of Data Intended to Provide Proof in Germany Provisions relating to forgery of data intended to provide proof in the German Criminal Code [1]: This criminal issue is covered by Chapter Twenty-three, under the heading "Forgery," located in Section...
24. European Works Council Definition of European Works Council In accordance with the work A Dictionary of Law, this is a description of European Works Council : (European Works Council, EWC) A council, set up by a special negotiating body, consisting of both employee and management representatives established at...
25. International Protection International Protection in Europe International Protection in the Context of Asylum Law The provision of support by a country other than a person's country of nationality or origin in circumstances where the person's own country cannot or will not provide protection. There are two [...]...
26. Personal Data Personal data in Europe According to Article 2 lit a) of the Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC any information related to an identified or identifiable individual (‘data subject’) is considered personal data. Legal entities such as governmental institutions and companies and their business [...]...
27. Data controller Data Controller in Europe According to Article 2 lit d) of the EU Data Protection Directive, a controller is a “natural or legal person, public authority, agency or any other body which alone or jointly with others determine the purposes and means of the processing...
28. Data processor Data Processor in Europe The data processor is the statutory counterpart of the data controller. According to Article 2 lit. e) EU Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC, the processor is “a natural or legal person, public authority, agency or any other body which processes data on...
29. Data Data in Europe Geo-data and the Public Sector Information Also known as spatial data, geospacial data or geographic data. The syllable Geo implies that the dataset has a spatial component that allows to georeference the described phenomena to a location or region on the earth....
30. Data minimization Data minimization in Europe Data minimization and the Public Sector Information The principle of data minimization means that a data controller should limit the collection of personal information to what is directly relevant and necessary to accomplish a specified purpose. They should also [...]...
31. Location data Location data in Europe Location data and the Public Sector Information Any data processed in an electronic communications network, indicating the geographic position of the terminal equipment of someone using a publicly available electronic communications service. Source: [...]...
32. European Diplomats Introduction to European Diplomats European Diplomats, ambassadors, ministers, and bureaucrats who conduct the foreign policy of European nations. (1) Resources Notes and References Information about European Diplomats in the Encarta Online Encyclopedia Guide to European Diplomats More Topics [...]...
33. European Dynasties Introduction to European Dynasties European Dynasties, succession of European rulers from the same family or group that exercised power over several generations. Many of these dynasties, such as the Bourbons and Habsburgs, held power in many European states due to conquests and marriages [...]...
34. European Union Introduction to European Union European Union (EU), organization of European countries dedicated to increasing economic integration and strengthening cooperation among its members. The European Union headquarters is located in Brussels, Belgium. As of 2007 there were 27 countries in the EU. [...]...
35. European Community History of the European Union: European Community (EC) Introduction to European Community In July 1967 the three organizations (the EEC, the ECSC, and Euratom) fully merged as the European Community (EC). The basic economic features of the EEC treaty were gradually implemented, and in 1968...