Related Entries in this European Reference:

1. European Law Nature and Primacy of Union LawSee Case 26/62 Van Gend & Loos [1963] ECR 1 (nature of Union law; rights and obligations of individuals). Case 6/64 Costa v ENEL [1964] ECR 1251 (nature of Union law; direct applicability, primacy of Union law). Case 14/83 Von...
2. Legal Instruments Legal Instruments in Europe Description of Legal instruments The Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union describes legal instruments in the following terms: [1] The EC's principal legal instruments are Directives, Regulations and Decisions, each of which takes precedence over [...]...
3. Recognised Legal Professions Recognised Legal Professions in EuropeContentsRecognised Legal Professions in EuropeThe free movement of professionals in the European UnionScope of Directive 89/48/EECRecognised Legal ProfessionsEEA Lawyers: Establishment under home State professional title in GermanyDirect Effect of Directive 89/48/EECDirective 98/5/EECLawyers in some European CountriesResourcesNotesSee AlsoFurther Reading The free movement...
4. Implementation Implementation in Europe Method of implementationof the E.U. Services Directive The following is an examination of method of implementation regarding the European Union Servicies Directive [1]: the implementation of the Services Directive will require Member States to take a combination of [...]...
5. Legal Certainty Legal Certainty in Europe See Joined Cases 18/65 and 35/65 Gutmann [1967] ECR 61. Case 98/78 Racke [1979] ECR 69. Case 96/78 Decker [1979] ECR 101. Case 61/79 Denkavit [1980] ECR 1205. Cases 66/79, 127/79 and 128/79 Salumi [1980] ECR 1237. Case 70/83 [...]...
6. Legal Bibliography Legal Bibliography in Europe Some legal researchers emphasize classic bibliographies of the past, while others look at how the legal bibliography is used by the legal information specialists. According to Peairs (in Legal Bibliography: A Dual Problem), already in 1949 legal bibliography was a [...]...
7. Direct Applicabililty Direct Applicabililty in Europe Direct Applicability of Union Law To National LawContent about Direct Applicabililty from the publication The ABC of European Union law (2010, European Union) by Klaus-Dieter Borchardt. Firstly, the direct applicability principle simply means that Union law [...]...
8. Directives Directives in Europe Content about Directives from the publication The ABC of European Union law (2010, European Union) by Klaus-Dieter Borchardt. The directive is the most important legislative instrument alongside the regu lation. Its purpose is to reconcile the dual objectives of both [...]...
9. Law Of Property Acts Definition of Law Of Property Acts The name given to the following group of Acts : Law of Property Acts, 1922, 1925 ; Administration of Estates Act, 1925; Land Charges Act, 1925; Land Registration Act, 1925; Settled Land Act, 1925; Trustee Act, 1925; Universities and...
10. Data Protection Law Data Protection Law in Europe Applicability of national data protection law First step to assess whether a processing of data is lawful, is to determine the applicability of data protection law. On European level the Data Protection Directive sets the framework for data protection. Because...
11. Implementing Legislation Implementing Legislation in Europe Implementing legislation in relation to the E.U. Services Directive The following is an examination of implementing legislation regarding the European Union Servicies Directive [1]: Implementing legislation: Method of implementation On the basis of the [...]...
12. Decisions Decisions in Europe Content about Decisions from the publication The ABC of European Union law (2010, European Union) by Klaus-Dieter Borchardt. The third category of EU legal acts is that of decisions. In some cases the Union institutions may themselves be responsible for implementing the...
13. Legal Custom Legal Custom in Europe Content about Legal Custom from the publication The ABC of European Union law (2010, European Union) by Klaus-Dieter Borchardt. Unwritten Union law also encompasses legal custom. This is understood to mean a practice which has been followed and accepted and thus...
14. Lands Clauses Acts Definition of Lands Clauses Acts These Acts form a code under which land can be compulsorily acquired for public or gwasi-public purposes, but only by way of the incorporation of the Acts with a special Act passed for a particular purpose Browse You might be...
15. Legal Abbreviations, Historical Legal Abbreviations, Historical information in Europe Introduction A shortened form of words obtained by the omission of one or more syllables from the middle or end of the words, according to the Bouvier's Law Dictionary. As almost every word in the language may be abbreviated,...
16. Direct Effect Direct Effect in Europe Definition of Direct Effect In accordance with the work A Dictionary of Law, this is a description of Direct Effect : (in EU law) See Community legislation. Description of Direct effect The Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union describes direct effect...
17. Transitional Directive Transitional Directive in EuropeContentsTransitional Directive in EuropeTransitional Directives on the free movement of professionals in the European UnionHistory of transitional directivesInsurance activities (agents and brokers; all risk insurers)The sectoral directivesThe Case law of the European Court of Justice Transitional Directives on the free movement of...
18. Horizontal Working Party on Drugs Horizontal Working Party on Drugs in Europe Horizontal Working Party on Drugs (HDG) The Horizontal Working Party on Drugs is responsible for coordinating the EU's international activity in the controlled drugs area, including liaison with international organisations. More details about [...]...
19. European Legal Order Content about European Legal Order from the publication The ABC of European Union law (2010, European Union) by Klaus-Dieter Borchardt. What overall picture emerges of the EU's legal order? Context of European Legal Order in the European Union The EU's legal order is the true...
20. Legal Representatives Legal Representatives in Europe Legal Representatives in the Context of Asylum Law A person acting in an official capacity on behalf of another person in relation to a legal matter and responsible for assisting with the legal issues in their case. They are usually but...
21. Legal Abbreviations, Historical 2 Legal Abbreviations, Historical 2 in Europe Affidavits, etc. The characters N. P. and J. P. indicate respectively the offices of Notary Public and Justice of the Peace, and their use does not vitiate a jurat. Ex. A means exhibit A ; and C. P. C....
22. Obligations Failure to fulfil obligations TFEU art 4(3) requires member states to take all appropriate measures to fulfil the obligations arising from the treaty or resulting from action taken by the EU institutions. Member states must facilitate achievement of the EU’s tasks and abstain from any...
23. Irish Legal System Irish Legal System in Europe Summary history of the Republic of Ireland The Republic of Ireland, or Éire, was formed in 1922 and was initially known as the Irish Free State. The present Constitution of Ireland, Bunreacht na hÉireann, was enacted by referendum held in...
24. Freedom to Provide Services Clause Freedom to Provide Services Clause in Europe Scope and effect of the Freedom to Provide Services clause in relation to the E.U. Services Directive The following is an examination of scope and effect of the freedom to provide services clause regarding the European Union Servicies...
25. Service Providers Service Providers in Europe Obligation of non-discrimination in general conditions of service providers in relation to the E.U. Services Directive The following is an examination of obligation of non-discrimination in general conditions of service providers regarding the European Union [...]...
26. Working Party on Horizontal Agricultural Questions Working Party on Horizontal Agricultural Questions in Europe This is a joint working group reporting to the SCA on the simplification of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) from the perspective of producers and agencies. It is also used as a forum in which general issues...
27. Statute Law Revision Acts Definition of Statute Law Revision Acts Since 1861 have been passed every few years to remove from the statute book Acts or parts of Acts which have become wholly obsolete. The legal effect of anything repealed by the Acts remains notwithstanding the repeal Browse You...
28. Direct Taxation Direct Taxation in Europe Direct Taxation in the European Union TFEU art 115 authorises the Council to issue directives for the approximation of national laws, regulations and administrative provisions which directly affect the establishment or functioning of the internal market. Directives [...]...
29. Electronic Invoicing Electronic Invoicing Directive on Electronic Invoicing in Public Procurement The EU Directive for Electronic Invoicing in Public Procurement came into effect 16 April 2014 and is to be implemented into national law by amendment to the State Members legislation no later than 27 November 2018....
30. Legal Abbreviations, Historical 3 Legal Abbreviations, Historical 3 in Europe Evidence Verbally (or in writing not under seal) evidence may be heard to show the meaning of an abbreviation or the particular word for which it stands in a written instrument ; but not to show the intention with...
31. French Legal System French Legal System. An Overview in Europe According to Principles of French Law (see below), in France the approach to case law and doctrinal legal writing is different in administrative and constitutional law to that in civil and criminal law. French Legal Research Unlike England...
32. Air Definition of Air Council The authority which controls the Air Forces of the Crown. Created by the Air Force (Constitution) Act, 1917 Browse You might be interested in these references tools: ResourceDescription Air Council in the Dictionaries, Air Council in our legal dictionaries, Related [...]...
33. Public Procurement Policy Public procurement policy Member State´s Public procurement is subject to the EU Treaty principles of: non-discrimination free movement of goods freedom to provide services freedom of establishment In addition to these fundamental treaty principles, some general principles of law have emerged from the case law...
34. Reception Conditions Directive Reception Conditions Directive in Europe Reception Conditions Directive in the Context of Asylum Law A component of the Common European Asylum System which establishes common standards for the living conditions of asylum seekers. The full title is the COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 2003/9/EC of 27 January [...]...
35. Legal Profession Legal ProfessionContentsLegal ProfessionLaws Implementing the Directives of the European Community pertaining to the professional law regulating the legal professionLaw regulating the activity of European lawyers in Germany (EuRAG)Legal ProfessionalsBailiffsNotariesLawyers in some European CountriesResourcesNotesSee AlsoFurther Reading Laws Implementing the Directives of the European Community pertaining to...